WORKING IN THE COLD WEATHER

Mary P. Andersen, M.S.A

Cold injuries are more common in the late winter months than at any other time of the year. Moisture combined with moderate cold temperatures can be as great a problem as extreme cold. In addition, those who work in refrigerated environments should be aware that they, too, risk cold injuries. Most cold injuries can be avoided with proper precautions.

To be able to work well in the cold requires gloves and clothing that do not overly restrict movement while providing good insulation. Good circulation, especially of the hands and feet, is extremely important. Often, people try to insulate the body by wrapping it in confining layers of clothing with the result that both circulation and movement are limited. Fabrics such as Thinsulate from 3M, Thermax from Du Pont, and Gortex provide good insulation with more flexibility than older fabrics. The need for warmth and dryness must be weighed against the particular needs of the job when choosing gloves or clothing. Several light layers of clothing are more effective than a single thick layer. The layer closest to the skin should pull moisture away from the body. Polypropylene is better than cotton for this purpose. Wool makes a good second layer to pull away moisture. It is important when working up a sweat to ventilate. If it is necessary to work outdoors for several hours, carry along extra dry clothing. An extra pair or two of dry socks is a good up to 20% of body heat can be lost from the head, it is important to keep the head well covered.

Cold slows the body's metabolism, affecting the ability to think and to move. When working in the cold, the body becomes more susceptible to injuries such as muscle tears, carpal tunnel syndrome and white finger syndrome (nerve damage from vibration). Also, physical strength decreases in the cold. Therefore, a worker should not expect to be able lift as well, for example.

Good hot meals and plenty of warm beverages are essential protection from the cold. Not only are more calories needed to maintain body heat, but as the circulation to the hands and feet drops, less nutrients reach the extremities.

Hypothermia is a special risk in cold weather, but can be caused by any condition which causes body temperature to drop below about 95 degrees F. Stroke, heart problems, dehydration, and certain medications, such as phenothiazines and barbiturates can cause hypothermia. Since elderly people are more susceptible to hypothermia, the winter is a time of year to keep a closer eye on elderly neighbors and family. Some additional precautions for the elderly are to have a warm drink before bed, and keep at least one room well heated.

Preparation is the key to avoiding cold injuries. Before going out in the cold, consider whether the job can be brought indoors or into a sheltered area. A space heater can reduce the risk of cold injury. Know the weather conditions you will be working in, and plan the job ahead for the worst extreme. Make sure you are ready physically and mentally with proper rest, nutrition, and clothing.

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